Artificial intelligence or also called Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a technology in the field of computer science that simulates human intelligence into machines (computers) to solve various problems and work as well as what humans do and can even be better than humans.
Artificial intelligence is intelligence added by humans to a technological system, organized and developed in a scientific context, formed from the intelligence of existing scientific entities.
Basically, AI is the knowledge that allows computers to imitate human intelligence so that computers can do things that humans do where intelligence is needed; For example, doing a reasoning analysis to draw a conclusion or decision or translation from one language to another.
Artificial intelligence has actually started in the summer of 1956. At that time a group of computer experts, experts, and researchers from various disciplines from various academies, industries, and various circles gathered at Dartmouth College to discuss the potential of computers in order to imitate or simulate human intelligence. Some of the scientists involved were Allen Newell, Herbert Simon, Marvin Miskey, Oliver Selfridge, and John McCarthy.
McCarthy earned his bachelor’s degree in mathematics from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in September 1948. It was from his college years that he began to develop his interest in machines that could imitate human thinking. McCarthy then continued his education to a doctoral program at Princeton University.
Towards the end of the 1970s and early 1980s, it began to be fully developed and the results gradually began to be marketed.
The evolution of AI goes on two distinct paths. First, to create a computer system that imitates human thought processes to solve common problems.
Discussion of the history of AI can not be separated from the figure of John McCarthy. He is called the “Father of AI”, although related experiments have existed since computers were invented.
Artificial Intelligence ( Artificial Intelligence ) was once the subject of jokes because it was considered an idea that was impossible to realize. But the reality is that in this millennial era, the development of artificial intelligence is very fast and increasingly widespread.
Definition of AI According to Experts
- Artificial intelligence is an attempt to model human thought processes and design machines to imitate human behavior. (John McCarthy – 1956)
- AI is a field of study that seeks to explain and imitate the behavior of intelligence in the form of computational processes. (Schalkoff -1990)
- AI is the study of how to make computers do something that until recently, people could do better. (Rich and Knight – 1991)
- AI is a branch of computer science that deals with the automation of intelligent behavior. (Luger and Stubblefield – 1993)
- AI is a field of study that deals with capturing, modeling, and storing human intelligence in a technological system so that the system can facilitate decision-making processes that are usually carried out by humans. (Haag and Keen – 1996)
- Artificial intelligence is a part of computer science that is specifically aimed at designing the automation of intelligent behavior in computational intelligence systems. (Kristianto – 2004),
- Artificial intelligence is an area of research, application, and instruction related to programming computers to do things that in the view of humans are intelligent. (Simon – 1987),
- Artificial intelligence is the intelligence exhibited by an artificial entity. Intelligence is created and put into a machine (computer) in order to do work as humans can. (Gaskin -2008),
- Artificial intelligence is the study of how to make computers do things as well as humans do. (Kusumadewi-2003),
- Artificial intelligence is a place for research, applications, and instructions related to computer programming in doing something that according to human views is intelligent. (Herbert Simon-1987)
Definition of Artificial Intelligence
The definition of artificial intelligence seen from various points of view is as follows:
- Intelligence point of view. ( Intelligence ). Artificial intelligence is how to make machines that are intelligent and can do things that were previously able to be done by humans.
- Research point of view. The study of how to make computers do things as well as humans do.
- Business point of view. A collection of tools that are very powerful and methodological in solving business problems.
- Programming point of view ( Programming ). Including artificial intelligence is the study of symbolic programming, problem-solving, the search process ( search ).
Functions and Purpose of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence has many functions and is expected to be able to do various things to facilitate humans both from natural language processing, reasoning, perception, moving and manipulating objects, regarding knowledge, or also doing the learning.
The conclusion is that artificial intelligence is trying to create a robot that has intelligence similar to or even more than human intelligence.
The objectives of the creation of artificial intelligence include:
- make machines smarter
- understand intelligence
- make the machine more useful
- reduce work time so that activities can be more efficient
- Using artificial intelligence, humans will find it easier to carry out an activity and make a decision
- make the processing time of a job much faster
While the main purpose of artificial intelligence itself is to speed up and lighten a job.
Factors Driving the Development of Artificial Intelligence
The driving factors for the implementation of artificial intelligence applications are:
- The rapid development of hardware technology.
Almost all artificial intelligence applications require hardware that has a higher capacity speed, even if only running the simplest artificial intelligence software.
- Artificial intelligence software development
Many new, more sophisticated programming languages and tools have been developed and widely marketed, including special languages for artificial intelligence.
- The special development of personal computers ( personal computer r/PC).
Nowadays, there are so many people using microcomputers, especially personal computers, either in schools, companies, or even at home, which causes their demand for superior software for their work.
- The role of investors in funding research and development of artificial intelligence technology.
This resulted in a kind of pressure in the community. Artificial Intelligence to compete in accelerating the movement and pace of research and immediately producing Artificial Intelligence in a short time.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Application Areas
Until now AI has been widely used to:
- Creating computer applications that make it easier for users
- Improve problem-solving skills quickly and consistently
- Help solve problems that cannot be solved conventionally
- Help solve problems that contain incomplete or unclear data
- Handling information overload by summarizing and interpreting information
- Increase productivity in multi-tasking
- Help carry out data searches or a pattern based on a very large amount of data.
Some Examples of Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- A Deep Blue computer equipped with a chess program in 1997 and has been used against world champion Garry Kasparov.
- Logic Theorist is a program that is able to prove some of the theorems contained in the first chapter of Whitehead and Russell’s Principia Mathematica.
- SYSTRAN is a program that can be used to translate from and to German, French, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Portuguese, and Spanish.
- Delco Electronics created a self-driving car. This car uses edge detection to stay on the road.
- Volkswagen AG (Germany) creates an automated vehicle driver system
Types of Technology Classified as Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Basically, there are 3 types, namely:
- Symbol-manipulating AI
This AI works with abstract symbols. Symbol-manipulating AI is one of the most experimental types. The essence of the experiment is that humans are reconstructed at a hierarchical and logical level. The information is processed from above, then it works with human/developer readable symbols, the connections are abstract and the conclusions are logical.
- Neural AI
With Neural AI, knowledge is not represented through symbols, but rather in artificial neurons and their connections a kind of reconstructed brain. The collected knowledge is then broken down into small parts (called neurons ) and then connected and built into groups. Well, this approach is known as the bottom-up method that works from the bottom. Unlike the Symbol-manipulating AI, the author first described. Thus, the nervous system must be trained and stimulated so that the neural network can accumulate experience and grow in order to accumulate greater knowledge.
- Neural Networks
Neural Networks are organized into layers that are connected to each other via simulation. The topmost layer is the input layer, which functions as a sensor. The sensor in question is the recipient of information that will process and pass it on to the system. There are at least two systems — or more than twenty layers in a large system — hierarchically arranged layers. The layers send and classify information over the connection. At the very bottom is the output layer, which generally has the least number of artificial neurons.
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence has various advantages, such as:
- Permanent
Artificial intelligence is permanent whereas natural intelligence will change. This may be due to humans who have forgetfulness and artificial intelligence themselves do not have it so it will not change at any time unless the program changes it.
- Easy to Duplicate
Artificial intelligence is easier to duplicate and then propagate. Transferring human knowledge using methods from one person to another certainly takes a long time and is impossible to convey in its entirety. Meanwhile, if the knowledge is in a computer system, the knowledge can be transferred or copied very easily and quickly from one computer to another, it will also be presented in its entirety and complete.
- Artificial Intelligence Easier and Cheaper
Artificial intelligence is cheaper than natural intelligence because it is enough to provide a computer service that is also cheaper and easier than having to bring someone to do a job for a long time.
- Consistent
Artificial intelligence is more consistent because it is one part of computer technology while natural intelligence will always change.
- Documented
Artificial intelligence can be documented. A decision made by a computer can be very easy to document by tracking every activity of the system, whereas natural intelligence is very difficult to reproduce.
- Faster
Artificial intelligence can do a job faster than natural intelligence.
- Neutral
This artificial intelligence is neutral (indiscriminate), meaning that when making decisions it is more correct and real, unlike natural intelligence which still has a lot of considerations.
In addition to advantages, artificial intelligence also has disadvantages, including the following:
- Closing Business Opportunities
Artificial intelligence makes fewer opportunities for other people to open business or business opportunities because existing computer services make everyone prefer to do it themselves if in small quantities or affordable capacity.
- Prone to Damage
However, artificial intelligence is operated using various computer tools ( hardware ) so that it has the potential to be damaged. When this artificial intelligence hardware is damaged, various stored data can be lost and not left at all.
- The manufacturing process is quite expensive
Artificial intelligence was created by qualified experts and carried out by various advanced technologies. This is what makes the production cost very expensive and causes not just any company or public agency to develop it.
- Requires Electric Power
Artificial intelligence is operated based on computer work. Computers themselves need power or electrical energy to operate, as well as artificial intelligence.
- Can Replace Humans
Artificial intelligence because it has many advantages over ordinary humans, of course, this object can set aside various activities or jobs that humans often do. This has led to many cases of layoffs in various parts of the world.
Examples of Artificial Intelligence
Some examples of artificial intelligence, among others:
- Siri
Siri is one of the smart programs that exist on iPhone phones and serves to serve its owner or rather is an intelligent virtual assistant that is versatile in serving its owner when operating a smartphone. Siri will serve from simple to fairly difficult things such as finding information, sending messages, making voice calls, looking for directions, opening applications, and much more.
- Google Assistant
Google Assistant is a service in the form of a virtual assistant developed by Google and can be used to have two-way conversations with Google. The function of Google Assistant itself is that it can be used to translate a sentence. By using this service, users do not have to bother anymore to type in a sentence that they want to translate in a certain language, just say the sentence, it will automatically be translated directly via text or it can be a voice.
- Tesla
Tesla is an artificial intelligence which is a car that can operate on its own even though there is no driver driving it. Tesla cars have very cool predictive capabilities so the potential for accidents is very small.
Difference Between Artificial Intelligence and Natural Intelligence
There are several differences between artificial intelligence and natural intelligence, namely:
- Artificial intelligence is more permanent. Natural intelligence will quickly change. This is possible because the human ability to remember something is quite limited. Artificial intelligence will not change as long as computer systems and programs are not changed.
- Artificial intelligence is easier to duplicate and deploy. Duplicating human knowledge from one person to another is a very long process, and also a skill that can never be completely duplicated. Therefore, if knowledge resides in a computer system, it can be copied from that computer and easily transferred to another computer.
- Artificial intelligence will be cheaper than natural intelligence. Providing computer services is easier and cheaper than having to hire someone to do a number of jobs over a very long period of time.
- Artificial intelligence is consistent. This is because artificial intelligence is part of computer technology while natural intelligence will always change.
- Artificial intelligence can be documented. Decisions made by computers can be easily documented by tracking every activity of the system.
- Artificial intelligence can do work faster than natural intelligence.
- Artificial intelligence can do the job more accurately and better than natural intelligence.
Source: Labkom99